The Digital Scholar

  What is the refractive index? The refractive index is a measure of how much light bends when it passes from one medium into another. It is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. What is the principle behind using a concave mirror to measure the refractive index of water? The principle involves measuring the real and apparent depth of an object submerged in water. The refractive index can be calculated using the formula n = Real depth Apparent depth n = \frac{\text{Real depth}}{\text{Apparent depth}} n = Apparent depth Real depth ​ . What apparatus and materials are required for this experiment? The experiment requires a concave mirror, a beaker of water, a needle or pin, a ruler, and a stand to hold the needle or pin. How do you set up the experiment? Place the concave mirror at the bottom of the beaker filled with water. Suspend a needle or pin vertically above the mirror, and adjust its position until its image is clearly visible in the mir

1.What is refraction? Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different density. 2.What are the laws of refraction? The first law states that the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of two media all lie in the same plane. The second law, also known as Snell's Law, states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for a given pair of media. 3.What is Snell's Law? Snell's Law is n1​sinθ1​=n2​sinθ2​, where n1​ and n2 are the refractive indices of the two media, and θ1 and θ2​ are the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively. 4.What apparatus and materials are required for this experiment? The experiment requires a glass slab, a drawing board, pins, a protractor, a pencil, and a ruler. 5. Why do we use a glass slab for this experiment? A glass slab is used because it has a uniform thickness and its parallel faces make it easier to study t

   PRACTICAL 21 To measure the specific heat of fusion of ice VIVA VOCE 1.What is specific heat of fusion? The specific heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 gram of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point without changing its temperature. 2. Why is it important to measure the specific heat of fusion of ice? Measuring the specific heat of fusion of ice is important for understanding thermal properties of substances, which has applications in fields like meteorology, climate science, and engineering. 3.What apparatus and materials are required for this experiment? The experiment requires a calorimeter, a thermometer, ice, water, a balance, and a stirrer. 4. Can you explain the principle behind this experiment? The principle is based on the conservation of energy. The heat lost by the warm water is equal to the heat gained by the melting ice plus the heat required to raise the temperature of the melted ice to the final temperature. 5. How do you e

  PRACTICAL 20 To draw a graph between temperature and time when ice is converted into water and then to steam by slow heating. . VIVA VOCE   What is the objective of this experiment? To draw a graph between temperature and time when ice is converted into water and then to steam by slow heating. What are the different phases observed in this experiment? The phases are solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam). At what temperature does ice start to melt? Ice starts to melt at 0°C. What happens to the temperature during the phase change from ice to water? The temperature remains constant at 0°C during the phase change from ice to water. What is the latent heat of fusion? The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of ice at 0°C to water at 0°C without any change in temperature. At what temperature does water start to boil? Water starts to boil at 100°C. What happens to the temperature during the phase change from water to steam? The temperature remains cons